Microhydel Manual for Engineers, Tech. Experts and General Readers, Chapter # 07 (Mechanical Parts of a Microhydel Power Project)

Hi visitors, Following are the Mechanical parts of a microhydel power project;

• Turbine
• Alternator
• Drive mechanism
• Bearings
• Pullies
• Shafts
• Penstock Pipe
• Valves
• Mechanical gates
• Hydraulic Governor System
• etc

Since, these are micro level projects and therefore, in many cases they are built without any control mechanism, means no electronic or hydraulic control mechanism is attached with these projects. The electricity generated by these small scale projects is used for lighting purposes and no heavy electrical appliances are used on these microhydel units. 

With the passage of time, and demand from donors or financial supporting departments, now a days, small scale units are also being attached with electronic load controllers. For general information, an electronic load controller eats or consumes 10 % to 12 % of the total power capacity of the project by itself to remain active. 

Now, suppose if we attach an electronic load controller with a 100 kW capacity microhydel unit, then the ELC will consume 10 kW to 12 kW electricity by it self to remain in active state for coping with any emergency. So it is not a wise decision to attach ELC with these small scale units. 

The best option is to give attention towards the quality of turbine, alternator and the transmission/distribution network. Since, turbine is a backbone of any microhydel power project, it should be a robust, durable and of best quality. Its metallurgy should be of best quality. The blades and casing should be thick enough to withstand any movement or vibration. The turbine should be made as it should not sense any light or small variation in terminal voltage. 2ndly, the alternator should be of a best quality and brand.   

Turbine and alternator should properly be leveled otherwise pulleys may eat belts. In this chapter you will read all about mechanical parts of a microhydel power project. Please read each and everything present in the chapter. 

To get accessibility to this chapter please click the download link shared below.

Download: Mechanical Parts of Microhydel Power Project - Chapter # 07 

Microhydel Manual for Engineers,Technical Experts and General Readers Chapter # 6(Civil Components of a Microhydel Power Project)

Hi guys, In civil components of a Microhydel Power Project include;

• Channel
• Sand Trap
• Filtration Tank
• Forebay
• Anchor Blocks
• Spillway
• Power house room 
• Waste way
• Weir or Embankment or Intake

As the name shows, Microhydel is just like a child. You can't demand for a heavy duty from your child. To get something from your child, you have to courage and take care of the child, in other words, you have to spend some money on your child before preparing him for any task. Likewise, microhydel power projects need more attention then any of a big project. 

These projects are built on off river sites and also these projects are constructed at sites where small amount of water is available. Therefore, care should be taken to construct the civil structure on a sustainable procedure. For example, its channel should not leak and there should be no seepage along the path of channel otherwise, the small amount of water could not reach up to forebay as per its design limit. Similarly, other civil structure should be strong enough to with stand for a sustainable period. In this chapter, all the aspects of civil structure have been highlighted briefly.

 It is hoped that the reader would get enough knowledge from this chapter after reading the topics and he or she would be able to design and construct beautiful, durable and sustainable civil structures for these projects. Since, this is a complete chapter and each and everything regarding civil structure of a microhydel power project has been explained briefly in this chapter. Todays busy and tough life, it is complained  that youth doesn't read the books and the new generation spend time on social media. I would like to suggest the youth to make friendship with your books, read books of all kinds, faiths or believes, in either language, but get the knowledge you required and let throw the other unwanted stuff.

For further detail about civil structure of a typical microhydel power project, just go down of this page and you will see the download link. Tap the link and you will access the chapter about civil structure of an MHP.

To get your accessibility to the chapter, Please Click Here

Civil Components of a Microhydel Power Project - Chapter # 6

Microhydel Manual for Engineers, Technical Experts and General Readers Chapter # 5 (Repair & Maintenance of a micro-hydel power project)

Chapter # 5

Repair & Maintenance of a micro-hydel power project

It is a general observation that proper rules & regulations and by-laws are not specified for repair & maintenance of community based micro-hydel power projects along with the projects which are constructed by individuals.

Since, in the construction of any power plant, physical laboring as well as huge capital expenditure is involved. So if the money was borrowed from a bank and is to be back within the prescribed period, it is necessary to run the power plant smoothly and steadily during its designed life, supposed to be twenty to twenty-five years.

By running the plant within its designed life smoothly, the capital expenditures could be re-back. Operation and maintenance should be defined before launching any scheme so that the scheme could not be falling apart before its designed life by reducing its efficiency and productivity. 

Remember that kids clothes are generally costly in comparison of the clothes bought for old ones. Similarly a small item costs more than a big one. Likewise, A Microhydel Power Projects needs more attention in comparison with a big project. It is like a traditional flour mill which needs more attention from its owner. The owner of a traditional flour mill has to has visit his flour mill early in the morning on daily basis and look after his mill otherwise, rats and dogs come to the mill in search of eat something and spoil the mill. Identically, a Microhydel Power Project also need attention from his owner or the operator of the plant or the manager, who manages it. Although it is easy to construct a Microhydel Power Project but is difficult to manage. In other words, it is critical system and the owner or a group of people who have constructed the plant have to given their time to look after the plant otherwise they can get benefits from the plant. In this chapter the repair & Maintenance aspects have been summarized and after reading the chapter the reader will get aware about the Operation & Maintenance issues regarding the plant.

For further reading about Repair and Maintenance of a Microhydel Power Project, Please click 
Repair & Maintenance of a Microhydel Power Project - Chapter # 5

Micro-Hydel Manual for Engineers, Technical Experts and General Readers - Chapter # 4 (Transformer)

                                                                    Chapter # 04
                                                                    Transformer

Definition of a transformer

By definition, transformer is a static device which transforms electrical energy from one circuit to another with out any direct electrical connection and with the help of mutual induction between two windings. It transforms power from circuit to another with out changing its frequency but may be in different Voltage level. 

This is a very short and simple definition of transformer, as we will go through this portion of tutorial related to electrical power transformer, we will understand more clearly and deeply "what is transformer ?" and basic theory of transformer.

Transformer works as stabilizer means it stabilizes the voltage. It transfers power from one form to another form within the same frequency. The level of voltage may be different. The power transfers from primary winding to secondary winding through the principal of mutual induction. There is no electrical connection between primary and secondary windings. For more information and know how about the transformer and its significance in power transformation, Please Click

Download: Transformer - Chapter # 04 

Micro-Hydel Manual for Engineers, Technical Experts and General readers, Chapter Three (Alternating Current)

Chapter # 3

    Alternating Current

An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in a plasma.

The SI unit for measuring an electric current is the ampere, which is the flow of electric charges through a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second. Electric current can be measured using an ammeter.

Electric current causes many effects, notably heating, but also induce magnetic fields, which are widely used for motors, inductors and generators. By another definition electrical current which changes its direction and strength. We should know how about AC & DC current. Some people may ask that why in Pakistan, India and some other Asian countries the Frequency is 50 cycle per second and Voltage is 220 Volts (Phase to Neutral) while in European and western countries, frequency is 60 Cycle per second and Voltage is 110 Volts.

You can get the answer of the above question by clicking the link below. In chapter three, you will acquire knowledge about Alternating current. It is very important to read out the whole chapter. 

For reading this chapter, what you have to do is just go the link given below and click on the link. When you will click the link the chapter will be opened and you can  access the chapter.

For opening of Chapter three please click 

 Download: Alternating Current - Chapter # 03

Micro-Hydel Manual for Engineers, Technical Experts and General readers, Chapter two (Magnetism)

Chapter # 2

Magnetism

CONCEPT

Most people are familiar with magnets primarily as toys, or as simple objects for keeping papers attached to a metal surface such as a refrigerator door. In fact the areas of application for magnetism are much broader, and range from security to health care to communication, transportation, and numerous other aspects of daily life. Closely related to electricity, magnetism results from specific forms of alignment on the part of electron charges in certain varieties of metal and alloy.

HOW IT WORKS

Magnetism, along with electricity, belongs to a larger phenomenon, electromagnetism, or the force generated by the passage of an electric current through matter. When two electric charges are at rest, it appears to the observer that the force between them is merely electric. If the charges are in motion, however—and in this instance motion or rest is understood in relation to the observer—then it appears as though a different sort of force, known as magnetism, exists between them.

This is the second chapter of the book and in this chapter you will learn about the phenomenon of Magnetism and its usages.  After studying the chapter, you will become familiar about how a magnet works and what are the types of Magnet.  For reading the second chapter please Click
Download:  - Magnetism - Chapter # 02

Micro-Hydel Manual for Engineers, Technical Experts and General Readers - Chapter One (What is Electricity)

Chapter # 1

What is Electricity?

Electricity is a precious and valuable gift of nature. It is an invisible force which runs electrical machines and other electronic devices. With the help of electricity, a lot of work can be carried out in minutes. Today, in this industrial era, it is impossible to perform any work without electricity. It has become the need of every home and office. It is a friend as well as a foe too. If a little careless is made using electricity, it can kill someone. Yet, in today's developed scenario of the world, its demand is increasing day by day and various sources are being used by man for power generation. Living without electricity in modern developed age of scientific and industrial world has become a delusion. For a little while, if this non-visible obsession disappears from our home or working place, all electrical machines in our homes and offices are dead. We need electricity for all electrical appliances like Fridge, Air condition, Micro Oven, Heaters, Vehicles, Mobiles and everything which runs with electricity. In this era of industrial world, there is no concept of living without electricity. We call those people as the people of stone age who had no electricity facility. 

We have provided a link below for the visitors who are interested in know how about electricity. This is my own book. We have planned to provide the book in chapterwise so that you could open the chapter by clicking the link shared below and you can read our book as per your accord. Remember that this is the first chapter of the book. Right now click on the link and start to read the book. To open the first chapter Please click HERE 
(Chapter # 01- What is Electricity)